Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) Concepts
Classes and Objects:
1. Introduction to OOP:
- Understanding the principles of object-oriented programming.
- Using classes and objects to model real-world entities.
2. Defining Classes:
- Creating classes using the class keyword.
- Defining attributes and methods within classes.
3. Creating Objects:
- Instantiating objects from classes.
- Assigning objects to variables.
Attributes and Methods:
1. Attributes (Properties):
- Defining instance attributes to store data.
- Accessing attributes using dot notation.
2. Methods:
- Defining methods to encapsulate behavior.
- Using methods to perform actions on objects.
3. Initializer (__init__):
- Using the __init__ method to set initial attributes.
- Initializing object state during instantiation.
4. Instance vs. Class Attributes:
- Differentiating between attributes that belong to instances and the class.
- Using class attributes to share data among instances.
Encapsulation and Abstraction:
1. Encapsulation:
- Restricting access to internal details of a class.
- Using access modifiers like public, private, and protected.
2. Abstraction:
- Creating simplified interfaces for complex systems.
- Hiding unnecessary implementation details.
Inheritance:
1. Inheritance Basics:
- Creating parent (superclass) and child (subclass) classes.
- Inheriting attributes and methods from the superclass.
2. Method Overriding:
- Overriding methods in the subclass to customize behavior.
- Calling overridden methods using the super() function.
3. Base Class (object):
- Understanding that all classes implicitly inherit from the object class.
- The role of the base class in Python's class hierarchy.
Polymorphism:
1. Polymorphism and Duck Typing:
- Using polymorphism to work with objects of different types through a common interface.
- Applying the "duck typing" principle: "If it looks like a duck and quacks like a duck, it's a duck."
Class Relationships:
1. Composition:
- Creating classes that are composed of other classes.
- Building complex objects from simpler ones.
2. Aggregation:
- Modeling relationships where objects can exist independently.
- One object "has-a" relationship with another.
3. Association:
- Modeling looser relationships between objects.
- Objects interact but are not necessarily composed or owned.
4. Dependency:
- Representing relationships where one class depends on another.
- Changes in one class may affect the other class.
Class Methods and Static Methods:
1. Class Methods:
- Defining class methods using the @classmethod decorator.
- Accessing class attributes and performing class-level operations.
2. Static Methods:
- Defining static methods using the @staticmethod decorator.
- Creating utility methods that don't rely on instance or class attributes.
Special Methods (__str__, __repr__, etc.):
1. __str__ and __repr__:
- Defining human-readable and unambiguous string representations for objects.
- Using the str() and repr() built-in functions.
2. Other Special Methods:
- Using special methods like __len__, __eq__, __add__, etc.
- Customizing the behavior of built-in functions and operators.
Design Principles and Patterns:
1. SOLID Principles:
- Understanding the SOLID design principles (Single Responsibility, Open/Closed, Liskov Substitution, Interface Segregation, Dependency Inversion).
- Applying these principles to create maintainable and modular code.
2. Design Patterns:
- Exploring common design patterns (e.g., Singleton, Factory, Observer).
- Using design patterns to solve recurring design problems.
