Modules and Packages
Modules:
1. Introduction to Modules:
- Modules are separate Python files containing code.
- Used for organizing related functions, classes, and variables.
2. Creating Modules:
- Creating your own module by creating a .py file.
- Defining functions, classes, and variables within the module.
3. Importing Modules:
- Using the import statement to access module functionality.
- Importing the entire module or specific items.
4. Using Module Functions and Variables:
- Accessing functions and variables from the imported module.
- Using dot notation: module_name.function_name().
5. Aliases and Renaming:
- Using aliases (as) to provide shorter names for modules.
- Renaming imported items for clarity.
6. Importing Specific Items:
- Importing only the necessary items from a module.
- Reducing memory usage and improving code readability.
Packages:
1. Introduction to Packages:
- Packages are collections of related modules.
- Used for organizing larger projects with multiple modules.
2. Creating Packages:
- Creating a package by organizing modules in a directory.
- Adding an __init__.py file to indicate the package.
3. Subpackages:
- Creating subpackages within packages.
- Organizing related functionality in a hierarchical structure.
4. Importing from Packages:
- Importing modules from packages using dot notation.
- Specifying the full path: package_name.module_name.
5. Relative Imports:
- Using relative imports to reference modules within the same package.
- Avoiding potential naming conflicts.
6. Package Initialization:
- Using the __init__.py file to control package initialization.
- Defining variables or code that should run when the package is imported.
Using External Libraries:
1. Installing External Libraries:
- Using package managers like pip to install third-party libraries.
- Managing dependencies and versions.
2. Importing External Libraries:
- Importing functions and classes from external libraries.
- Using the library's documentation to understand usage.
3. Exploring Common Libraries:
- Exploring popular libraries for various purposes (e.g., NumPy, pandas, matplotlib, requests).
Example:
Let's illustrate modules and packages with an example:
Suppose you have a project structure like this:
my_project/
│
├── main.py
├── my_module.py
│
└── my_package/
├── __init__.py
├── module_a.py
└── module_b.py
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